Material Programming

Research Area

The concept of material programming denotes a method of design in which advanced functions are encoded directly within physical fabrication logics and syntax material systems, often in place of digital controls, sensors, and actuators. At the ICD, material programing is investigated through computational fabrication deployed as innovative methods of form generation (self-shaping manufacturing) and form adaptation (adaptive materials, wearables, and building systems) with a specific focus on the utilization of natural and bio-based materials.

Related Research Projects

Passive Adaptive Soft

Material Driven Computational Design and Manufacturing for Self-Forming Curved Wood Furniture

Self-forming Cylindrical Wood Components for Sustainable Lightweight Structures

Zero-energy self-shading

Adaptive Beauty: Transferring natural elegance to architected materials

Architectural Integration of Self-shaping Mechanisms

Smarter Smart Materials (SSM)

Self-shaping, deployable wood furniture

Responsive Autonomous Surface Structures Inspired by Passive Multi-phase Plant Movements

Design, Fabrication and Engineering Methods for the Application of Curved Wood Components for High-performance and Resource-efficient Wood Construction

Bio-based and Bio-inspired 3D-printed Shape-changing Material Systems

Smart Innovative Manufacturing of Wood Components

4DmultiMATS

Biomimetic Responsive Surface Structures

Related Thesis Projects

Augmented Grain - Behaviour Tailoring in Naturally Responsive Surfaces

Fluid Formations - Design and fabrication of soft matter structures with functional stiffness gradients

Related Research Demonstrators and Prototypes

HygroShape: Self-Shaping Wood Furniture

Urbach Tower

Distributed Robotic Assembly System for In-Situ Timber Construction

Cyber Physical Macro Material

HygroSkin: Meteorosensitive Pavilion

HygroScope: Meteorosensitive Morphology

Related Tools and Infrastructure

Large-scale additive robotic manufacturing platform

Additive Manufacturing Lab

Selected Publications

  1. 2024

    1. Menges, A., & Knippers, J. (2024). Biobasierte Materialien, bioinspirierte Strukturen. DETAIL, 7/8, Article 7/8.
    2. Kron, B. (2024). Punktgenaues Schwinden. Baublatt, 2.2024, 24–27.
    3. Steurer, S. (2024). SELBST FORMENDES HOLZ. HOLZMAGAZIN: FACHMAGAZIN FÜR DEN MODERNEN HOLZBAU, 1.2024, 39.
    4. Kraft, B. (2024). Dem Material einen größeren Mitgestaltungsanteil einräumen. DBZ Deutsche Bauzeitschrift, 6(8), Article 8.
    5. N.N. (2024). Wangen Turm für die Landesgartenschau 2024, Wangen im Allgäu. Wettbewerbe Aktuell, 9, Article 9.
    6. Schnurrer, E. (2024). Aufblühende Architektur: In-situ-Selbstformung eines ultraleichten formaktiven Holztragwerks. CU Reports: International Member Magazine of Composites United, 1.2024, 46.
    7. Pavlovic, T. (2024). Ein Holzturm als Hoffnungsträger. Stuttgarter Zeitung, 121, Article 121.

  2. 2023

    1. Sahin, E. S., Cheng, T., Wood, D., Tahouni, Y., Poppinga, S., Thielen, M., Speck, T., & Menges, A. (2023). Cross-Sectional 4D-Printing: Upscaling Self-Shaping Structures with Differentiated Material Properties Inspired by the Large-Flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora). Biomimetics, 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020233
    2. Wood, D., Kiesewetter, L., Körner, A., Takahashi, K., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2023). HYGROSHELL – In Situ Self-shaping of Curved Timber Shells. In K. Dörfler, J. Knippers, A. Menges, S. Parascho, H. Pottmann, & T. Wortmann (Eds.), Advances in Architectural Geometry 2023 (pp. 43–54). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111162683-004
    3. Wood, D., Cheng, T., Tahouni, Y., & Menges, A. (2023). Material Programming for Bio-inspired and Bio-based Hygromorphic Building Envelopes. In J. Wang, D. Shi, & Y. Song (Eds.), Advanced Materials in Smart Building Skins for Sustainability (1st ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09695-2_4
    4. Speck, T., Cheng, T., Klimm, F., Menges, A., Poppinga, S., Speck, O., Tahouni, Y., Tauber, F., & Thielen, M. (2023). Plants as inspiration for material-based sensing and actuation in soft robots and machines. MRS Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-022-00470-8

  3. 2022

    1. Correa, D. (2022). 4D printed hygroscopic programmable material architectures. ICD Research Report, 9, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-12374
    2. Akbar, Z., Wood, D., Kiesewetter, L., Menges, A., & Wortmann, T. (2022). A Data-Driven Workflow for Modelling Self-Shaping Wood Bilayer, Utilizing Natural Material Variations with Machine Vision and Machine Learning. In J. van Ameijde, N. Gardner, K. H. Hyun, L. Dan, & U. Sheth (Eds.), CAADRIA proceedings: Vol. Volume 1 (pp. 393–402). CAADRIA. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.1.393

  4. 2021

    1. Tahouni, Y., Krüger, F., Poppinga, S., Wood, D., Pfaff, M., Rühe, J., Speck, T., & Menges, A. (2021). Programming sequential motion steps in 4D-printed hygromorphs by architected mesostructure and differential hygro-responsiveness. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac0c8e
    2. Cheng, T., Wood, D., Kiesewetter, L., Özdemir, E., Antorveza, K., & Menges, A. (2021). Programming material compliance and actuation: hybrid additive fabrication of biocomposite structures for large-scale self-shaping. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 16(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac10af
    3. Cheng, T., Thielen, M., Poppinga, S., Tahouni, Y., Wood, D., Steinberg, T., Menges, A., & Speck, T. (2021). Bio-Inspired Motion Mechanisms: Computational Design and Material Programming of Self-Adjusting 4D-Printed Wearable Systems. Advanced Science, 8(13), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100411
    4. Özdemir, E., Kiesewetter, L., Antorveza, K., Cheng, T., Leder, S., Wood, D., & Menges, A. (2021). Towards Self-shaping Metamaterial Shells: A Computational Design Workflow for Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of Architectural Scale Double-Curved Structures. Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES (CDRF 2021), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_26
    5. Wood, D. (2021). Material programming for fabrication : integrative computational design for self-shaping curved wood building components in architecture. ICD Research Report, 6, Article 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18419/opus-11968

  5. 2020

    1. Wood, D., Gronquist, P., Bechert, S., Aldinger, L., Riggenbach, D., Lehmann, K., Ruggeberg, M., Bugert, I., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2020). From Machine Control to Material Programming: Self-Shaping Wood Manufacturing of a High Performance Curved CLT Structure -- Urbach Tower. Fabricate 2020: Making Resilient Architecture, 50--57.
    2. Cheng, T., Wood, D., Wang, X., Yuan, P., & Menges, A. (2020). Programming Material Intelligence: An Additive Fabrication Strategy for Self-Shaping Biohybrid Components. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems - Proceedings of the Living Machines 2020 Conference, 12413, 36--45. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64313-3_5
    3. Cheng, T., Tahouni, Y., Wood, D., Stolz, B., Mülhaupt, R., & Menges, A. (2020). Multifunctional Mesostructures: Design and Material Programming for 4D-printing. Symposium on Computational Fabrication (SCF ’20). https://doi.org/10.1145/3424630.3425418
    4. Correa, D., Poppinga, S., Mylo, M., Westermeier, A., Bruchmann, B., Menges, A., & Speck, T. (2020). 4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378, 20190445. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0445
    5. Tahouni, Y., Cheng, T., Wood, D., Sachse, R., Thierer, R., Bischoff, M., & Menges, A. (2020). Self-shaping Curved Folding: a 4D-printing method for fabrication of curved creased origami structures. Symposium on Computational Fabrication (SCF ’20). https://doi.org/10.1145/3424630.3425416

  6. 2019

    1. Grönquist, P., Wood, D., Hassani, M., Wittel, F. K., Menges, A., & Ruggeberg, M. (2019). Analysis of hygroscopic self-shaping wood at large scale for curved mass timber structures. Science Advances, 5(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1311

  7. 2018

    1. Wood, D., Vailati, C., Menges, A., & Rüggeberg, M. (2018). Hygroscopically actuated wood elements for weather responsive and self-forming building parts – Facilitating upscaling and complex shape changes. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.134
    2. Poppinga, S., Zollfrank, C., Prucker, O., Ruehe, J., Menges, A., Cheng, T., & Speck, T. (2018). Toward a New Generation of Smart Biomimetic Actuators for Architecture. Advanced Materials, 30(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703653

  8. 2016

    1. Wood, D., Correa, D., Krieg, O., & Menges, A. (2016). Material computation - 4D timber construction: towards building-scale hygroscopic actuated, self-constructing timber surfaces. International Journal of Architectural Computing (IJAC), 14(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478077115625522

  9. 2015

    1. Correa, D., Papadopoulou, A., Guberan, C., Jhaveri, N., Reichert, S., Menges, A., & Tibbits, S. (2015). 3D-Printed Wood: Programming Hygroscopic material transformation. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/1089/3dp.2015.0022

  10. 2014

    1. Reichert, S., Menges, A., & Correa, D. (2014). Meteorosensitive Architecture: Biomimetic Building Skins Based on Materially Embedded and Hygroscopically Enabled Responsiveness. Computer-Aided Design, 60, 50–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2014.02.010

Contact Information

This image shows Tiffany Cheng

Tiffany Cheng

M.Des (Technology), B.Arch

Research Group Leader | Material Programming

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